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ACC AM Nov 27
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(ACC Mentioned) Plastics Are Stars Of Show In Thanksgiving Parade
Nov 26, 2015 | British Plastics & Rubber
To mark Thanksgiving in the US today, a parade of giant branded and novelty balloons depicting some of the world’s most recognisable cartoon characters, film stars and toys, will take to the streets of New York City. The real star of the show, however, is plastic, as the balloons are made from polyurethane-coated fabric. According to the American... -
Obama Plans Aggressive Regs Push In Final Year
Nov 26, 2015 | The Hill - Regulation
By Lydia Wheeler
President Obama is moving to complete scores of regulations as he looks to cement key parts of his legacy in the face of a Republican-controlled Congress openly hostile to many of his top priorities. The White House quietly released its formal rulemaking schedule late last week, revealing the administration’s latest ... -
Cefic-LRI Panel ‘Disappointed’ By Progress On Non-Animal Testing
Nov 26, 2015 | Chemical Watch
A toxicology expert told the Cefic Long-range Research Initiative (LRI) annual meeting on 18 November that he was “very disappointed” by the slow progress in moving to non-animal safety assessment of chemicals. Professor Jim Bridges from the University of Surrey said the challenge was to use non-animal testing ... -
Ohio Weighing Ban On Plastic Microbeads
Nov 26, 2015 | Toledo Blade
By Tom Henry
A bill recently introduced in the Ohio House of Representatives would ban the sale and manufacture of products containing tiny plastic particles known as microbeads, a likely companion to legislation introduced earlier this year in the Ohio Senate. The plastic bits — too small to be filtered by most sewage treatment ... -
Intrigue At The Top Of The US’s Chemical Safety Board
Nov 26, 2015 | ChemistryWorld
By Rebecca Trager
A political drama continues to be played out at the US Chemical Safety Board (CSB), the federal agency charged with investigates serious industrial chemical accidents in America. The board’s managing director, who has been on paid administrative leave for the past five months pending an internal investigation for ‘possible misconduct,’... -
North Texas Families Sue Drillers Over Contaminated Water
Nov 27, 2015 | The Houston Chronicle
Two families in rural North Texas have sued oil and gas drilling companies, claiming hazardous chemicals from hydraulic fracturing seeped into their water wells. Richard and Stella Singleton said their water well was fine until the summer of 2013, when Fairway Resources fracked an oil and gas well a few hundred yards from their house. -
Small Changes In Diet Can Make A Big Difference To Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Nov 26, 2015 | The Economist
By Vincent Réquillart
The food chain, from farm to table, is responsible for roughly 30% of greenhouse gases (GHG) in France, ie slightly more than the emissions from the transport sector. More than half of these emissions are related to agricultural production, most of which is methane from animal husbandry and nitrous oxide from soil fertilisation. -
Saving Water Increases Health Risks In Green Buildings
Nov 26, 2015 | ChemistryWorld
By Polly-Anna Ashford
US researchers have found that strategies for conserving water in green buildings can lead to higher levels of bacteria in the plumbing systems, with potentially serious implications for public health. William Rhoads and colleagues at Virginia Tech conducted a survey of the drinking water quality in different types of ...
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(ACC Mentioned) Plastics Are Stars Of Show In Thanksgiving Parade
Nov 26, 2015 | British Plastics & Rubber
To mark Thanksgiving in the US today, a parade of giant branded and novelty balloons depicting some of the world’s most recognisable cartoon characters, film stars and toys, will take to the streets of New York City.
The real star of the show, however, is plastic, as the balloons are made from polyurethane-coated fabric. According to the American Chemical Council, polyurethane keeps the (average) 12,000 cubic feet of helium sealed tightly in the balloon.
The balloons' dimensions vary, but most are about five to six stories high and somewhere around 18.2m long and 9.1m wide. The polyurethane-coated fabric is lightweight enough to make the balloons manageable by their handlers, with a reported 50-90 people required for each balloon, depending on the size.
The use of polyurethane, which is flexible and easily colourable, means the balloons are true to the colours of the characters which they represent.
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Obama Plans Aggressive Regs Push In Final Year
Nov 26, 2015 | The Hill - Regulation
By Lydia Wheeler
President Obama is moving to complete scores of regulations as he looks to cement key parts of his legacy in the face of a Republican-controlled Congress openly hostile to many of his top priorities.
The White House quietly released its formal rulemaking schedule late last week, revealing the administration’s latest plans for regulations currently in the works at agencies across the federal government. The fall Unified Agenda suggests Obama has no intentions of slowing down the process during his final year in office.
The document sets 2015 and 2016 deadlines for major rules on everything from food safety and drones to electronic cigarettes and workers’ exposure to harmful silica dust.
Nearly seven years after he took office, the president is running out of time to implement important environmental regulations and financial reforms, not to mention bread-and-butter health and safety protections, said Amit Narang, a regulatory policy advocate for Public Citizen.
"A lot stem from laws the president signed in his first term," he said.
Those left unfinished when Obama leaves office in January of 2017 could easily be scrapped by a Republican successor, while getting rid of a rule already on the books is a much more painstaking process.
But the most significant and complex rules can take years to draft and implement.
For instance, financial regulators are working to finish a series of rules required by the 2010, Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform law enacted in response to the economic crisis of 2008.
Among them is the final version of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s “pay for performance” rule, which will force companies to compare top executive pay with overall company performance. That regulation is scheduled to be released in October, along with a rule requiring publicly traded companies to disclose their hedging policies.
Beyond financial reforms, the administration plans to wrap up the last two of seven new major rules to come from the Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011, which called for the first overhaul of the nation’s food safety laws in more than 70 years.
By the end of this month, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is scheduled to release a final rule requiring importers to verify that foreign suppliers are meeting U.S. safety standards, and a rule to establish a program for the accrediting of third-party auditors that conduct food safety reviews.
“In the past, we’ve seen some agenda dates that have been more aspirational than realistic,” Narang said of the regulatory roadmap. “I think now that’s less so the case. I think the administration is going to hold fast to these timelines and definitely there will be increasing pressure to finalize these rules before the end of the term.”
Advocates for stronger healthy and safety protections say there’s no time for further delays.
Peg Seminario, the AFL-CIO’s safety and health director, said rules that are enacted too close to the end of an administration face the threat of the Congressional Review Act, a tool Republicans could use to undo regulations finalized in the final weeks of Obama’s tenure.
“I hope the administration is aware they are running out of time,” Seminario said. “If they want to get these final rules in place and in effect before the end of the administration and protected from political interference from Congress, they need to move forward.”
Critics, however, say the President has already issued far too many burdensome regulations.
“The American economy has just said ‘Uncle, please quit,’” said Douglas Holtz-Eakin, president of the American Action Forum (AAF).
The center-right policy group said the administration has finalized about one rule a day since Obama took office and estimates the compliance costs associated with those rules to total about $700 billion. Holtz-Eakin said Obama’s regulatory impact could be even more damaging in the coming years if the president accelerates the rulemaking process now.
“He has used the rulemaking authority to implement his policy agenda, presidents do that, but he has done it to a greater degree than anyone else,” said Holtz-Eakin, a former director of the Congressional Budget Office.
Since a number of Obama’s actions have been challenged in court, including parts of his signature healthcare law, his actions on immigration and his clean power plan, Holtz-Eakin expects the trend to continue well after the president leaves office.
The Environmental Protection Agency’s Waters of the U.S. rule and Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) federal rules for net neutrality are two other rules the courts will likely be left to decide.
While the National Association of Manufacturers said it’s waiting for a number of final rules including a highly criticized rule requiring contractors to disclose labor law violations when procuring contracts —the group is hoping the agencies give each rule the appropriate time needed to weigh the costs and benefits.
“Every official in an agency that cares about the work they are doing will have a natural instinct to try and complete it before they know who the new boss is,” said Rosario Palmieri, NAM’s vice president of infrastructure, legal and regulatory policy.
“We think it’s important we do not rush rules that require more analysis or would be better, or more effective, or potentially less burdensome if they were thought through and analyzed in an appropriate way and given the appropriate time.” -
Cefic-LRI Panel ‘Disappointed’ By Progress On Non-Animal Testing
Nov 26, 2015 | Chemical Watch
A toxicology expert told the Cefic Long-range Research Initiative (LRI) annual meeting on 18 November that he was “very disappointed” by the slow progress in moving to non-animal safety assessment of chemicals.
Professor Jim Bridges from the University of Surrey said the challenge was to use non-animal testing to fully understand “the significant changes caused by individual stressors and combinations of stressors in the complex systems of communication within and between cells, in a single tissue and between different tissues that in combination preserve homeostasis in humans.”
The Brussels event held a panel discussion on the topic, chaired by Ian Kimber, professor of toxicology at the University of Manchester. He said there had been enormous investment in non-animal methods “for relatively little return”.
Professor Bridges outlined a possible roadmap from the current in-vivo system, to one based on in-vitro and in-silico only. However, he estimated that putting this in place might “realistically take 40 years”.
Several speakers felt the focus on full animal replacement had sought to provide a perfect alternative to existing animal models, which were themselves not perfect. There was a call to stop developing new methods and to start using those already developed.
Dr Kirsty Reid of Eurogroup for Animals said the overall goal should be to ensure human and environmental safety, without seeking one-to-one replacement of animal tests.
The meeting also saw Cefic’s annual €100,000 science award go to French researcher Alice Limonciel for her proposal to investigate the cell responses and acceleration of chronic kidney disease, due to chemical exposure.
The project aims to identify the genes involved in cellular stress response pathways, quantify them alongside markers of cell dysfunction and deliver new quantitative tools, based on gene expression. These new indicators should enable the better risk assessment of chemical exposures.
Dr Limonciel is currently working at the University of Innsbruck in the department of physiology and medical physics. She is studying the molecular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity using ‘omics’ data, including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and epigenomics.
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Ohio Weighing Ban On Plastic Microbeads
Nov 26, 2015 | Toledo Blade
By Tom Henry
A bill recently introduced in the Ohio House of Representatives would ban the sale and manufacture of products containing tiny plastic particles known as microbeads, a likely companion to legislation introduced earlier this year in the Ohio Senate.
The plastic bits — too small to be filtered by most sewage treatment plants — are emerging as one of the more troubling forms of pollution in the Great Lakes, especially lakes Ontario and Erie.
They are found in more than 100 varieties of soaps, facial scrubs, and toothpastes, and similar hygiene and personal-care items.
Introduced Nov. 20, the House version — House Bill 400 — would ban the manufacture of products containing microbeads starting in 2017 and give retailers until 2018 to sell remaining inventories.
It is co-written by state Reps. John Patterson (D., Jefferson) and Kent Smith (D., Euclid).
The Senate version was introduced earlier this year by state Sens. Mike Skindell (D., Lakewood) and Randy Gardner (R., Bowling Green). It calls for a ban on sales of anti-bacterial soaps, hand soaps, bar soaps, liquid soaps, body washes, lotions, moisturizers, facial and body cleansers, facial masks, exfoliating facial scrubs, sunscreens, acne products, shampoos, conditioners, toothpastes, shaving creams and gels, and foot-care products that contain microbeads.
The latter was assigned to the Senate’s Energy and Natural Resources committee on Sept. 17.
The House bill is awaiting its first hearing before a committee.
Microbeads where the subject of front-page Blade story Nov. 2. Mr. Patterson said he first heard about the issue about two years ago.
He said his interest grew after hearing a presentation in Quebec City in 2014 by Sherri “Sam” Mason, a State University of New York-Fredonia chemistry professor who is one of the Great Lakes region’s most active microbead researchers.
Mr. Patterson said the legislation he and Mr. Smith introduced is modeled after that in other states, as well as similar legislation for a national ban that recently passed through the U.S. House Energy and Commerce Committee by a unanimous vote.
“At this point in time, there are limited solutions [other than a ban],” Mr. Patterson told The Blade.
In a joint news release, Mr. Patterson said he’s learned that Americans flush an estimated 8 trillion microbeads down the drain each day.
The news release cited a recent study published by the National Academy of Sciences that claims more than 90 percent of sea birds have pieces of plastic in their guts, some of it microbeads and some of it larger plastic.
The fear is that plastic of all kinds can absorb various toxins and pass them up the food chain to humans.
Fish often mistake the tiny particles as fish eggs or zooplankton.
“Lake Erie is a part of the largest freshwater ecosystem in the world, and it needs to be protected,” Mr. Smith said in the news release. “Other states along the Great Lakes have introduced or passed similar bans. It is time for Ohio to do the same.”
Biologists also fear more pollution from microbeads could lead to a long-term impact on the Great Lakes’ $7 billion fishing industry.
Barely large enough to be seen by the human eye, microbeads are by definition no bigger than 5 millimeters in diameter.
But they’re usually 2 millimeters or less, many of them a fraction of 1 mm — small enough that dozens could occupy a human fingertip or cover a penny.
A tube of facial cleanser may have about 330,000 of them.
In a statement to The Blade for the Nov. 2 story, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recognized pollution problems associated with plastics in general, but said there “are no EPA regulations addressing microplastics or microbeads under the agency’s statutory authorities.”
The Ohio EPA does not regulate them, agency spokesman Heidi Griesmer says.
In a report issued earlier this year by the New York State Attorney General’s Office, the New York professor Ms. Mason and Jennifer Nalbone, an environmental scientist in that office, found 25 of 34 upstate New York sewage-treatment plants had microbeads in the finished effluent discharged to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie tributaries. All of them had some form of plastic.
“Treatment plants are not designed to remove microbeads from the wastewater stream, and treatments potentially effective at removing microbeads are unproven. Even if effective treatment technologies are found to be available, the potential cost and time necessary to retrofit wastewater treatment plants with such technology is likely to be substantial,” the report said.
Ms. Mason told The Blade recently her lab — using open lake water highly filtered by fine mesh screens between 2012 and 2014 — found Lake Ontario to be the No. 1 spot in the Great Lakes region for microbeads and Lake Erie to be No. 2.
That was not a surprise, given the population densities along those shorelines, she said.
The tiny particles are believed to migrate from the Upper Lakes down to Lake Erie and Lake Ontario with water that flows out to the St. Lawrence Seaway, and from there into the Atlantic Ocean.
Scientists want to know how much microbeads have become part of fish diets and what it may be doing to them.
One theory is that in addition to the petrochemicals of plastic itself, the material may be absorbing free-flowing pesticides and chemicals in water.
Microbeads don’t dissolve or break down, at least not for years. In response to growing concerns, several manufacturers have voluntarily taken microbeads out of their products.
Illinois became the first state to ban sales of such products in 2014. Several other states have followed suit or are in the process of considering bans, including Ohio and Michigan.
Groups such as the Alliance for the Great Lakes urge manufacturers to use crushed almonds, oatmeal, or pumice as natural exfoliants in products that need abrasives.
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Intrigue At The Top Of The US’s Chemical Safety Board
Nov 26, 2015 | ChemistryWorld
By Rebecca Trager
A political drama continues to be played out at the US Chemical Safety Board (CSB), the federal agency charged with investigates serious industrial chemical accidents in America. The board’s managing director, who has been on paid administrative leave for the past five months pending an internal investigation for ‘possible misconduct,’ has just received a notice of his proposed termination.
Daniel Horowitz has been banned from entering the CSB offices or speaking with its staff since 16 June, according to his representatives. He has been under investigation for questionable activities that were primarily raised in a House Republican committee staff report that was released back in June 2014.
In March, the board’s former chairman, Rafael Moure-Eraso, resigned under growing pressure from Congress and the Obama administration. Allegations had been made of mismanagement and misuse of private email. But the controversy didn’t die with Moure-Eraso’s departure. In June, both Horowitz and the board’s general counsel, Richard Loeb, were put on administrative leave pending an internal investigation.
Horowitz’s suspension was slated to end on 16 November, but he was told to remain home for another day and await ‘clarification’ of his status. The same day he received official notice of his dismissal. The reason cited for sacking Horowitz is ‘conduct unbecoming a federal employee’, including creating the ‘appearance of a retaliatory act’, as well as improperly accepting a promotion and failing to ‘create a strategy for attracting new hires’.
The Public Employees for Environmental Research (Peer), a non-profit environmental protection organisation that will provide legal representation for Horowitz to challenge his removal, argues that he was sacked because congressional Republicans put pressure on the CSB’s relatively new chair, Vanessa Sutherland. Peer, which is based in Washington, DC, says there have been no findings of retaliation against Horowitz.Slow process
The proposal to terminate Horowitz came from the CSB’s newest board member, Kristen Kulinowski, who joined the board in August. Because Kulinowski and Horowitz never actually worked together, some observers assume that her action reflects Sutherland’s will and sentiments.
Peer plans to officially respond to the proposed termination by 4 December, and the organisation will also request an oral presentation before Sutherland. If Horowitz’s termination is confirmed he could challenge the decision through the civil service court system. Because there is no strict timetable, the process could go on for years.
Loeb is being represented by Washington, DC, employment discrimination lawyer Lynne Bernabei. She says that ‘privacy reasons’ prevent her from revealing whether or not Loeb has also received a proposed termination notice.
In the meantime, results from a new employee survey indicate that morale at the CSB has continued to fall. The survey – taken between 5 May and 12 June – shows that morale of the board’s employees and their engagement was lower after Moure-Eraso’s ousting than during any of the more than four years of his tenure. ‘By focusing on protracted internal investigations into petty, stale disputes, the Chemical Safety Board is becoming increasingly irrelevant to improving the safety of America’s aging oil and chemical plant infrastructure,’ Jeffrey Ruch, executive director of Peer, warns.
The CSB has been criticised for not opening any new investigations into an estimated 19 industrial chemical accidents that have taken place in the US since March. However, Sutherland has said that the board is busy completing multiple ongoing investigations and working to clear the backlog. She has also argued that ongoing problems related to capacity, workload and budget issues have prevented the CSB from launching any new investigations since was installed at its helm.
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North Texas Families Sue Drillers Over Contaminated Water
Nov 27, 2015 | The Houston Chronicle
Two families in rural North Texas have sued oil and gas drilling companies, claiming hazardous chemicals from hydraulic fracturing seeped into their water wells.
Richard and Stella Singleton said their water well was fine until the summer of 2013, when Fairway Resources fracked an oil and gas well a few hundred yards from their house.
By December of that year, the Singletons said their water started to smell like rotten eggs, fumes filled their home and the water burned their skin.
Their neighbor's water well house filled with methane and exploded, severely burning him, his father and daughter last year. The neighbor, Cody Murray, is also suing.
The state's oil and gas regulator, the Texas Railroad Commission, said in a report that the Singletons' well water contained chemicals including excessive levels of methane and cancer-causing benzene that may pose "adverse health effects" and an "explosion hazard."
The agency attributed the contamination to a "natural occurrence in the groundwater" and recommended the family vent its water well, WFAA-TV (http://bit.ly/1Q0YCHH ) reported.
There were no baseline water tests to prove the chemicals did not already exist.
However, a study published by University of Texas at Arlington scientists earlier this year inferred a link between water well contamination and hydraulic fracturing in the Barnett Shale, the massive natural gas field beneath North Texas.
UTA scientists said water samples throughout the Barnett Shale showed elevated levels of toxic chemicals.
"Based on these results, something has gone horribly wrong here," Dr. Zacariah L. Hildenbrand, one of the UTA-affiliated scientists reviewing the Singletons' water well, told the TV station.
The Railroad Commission said its investigations into the two cases of contamination are ongoing.
"These incredibly unnatural events, from methane spewing out of a shower, to methane exploding in a fireball from a water well, don't match 'naturally occurring,' " said Christopher Hamilton, a lawyer representing both families.
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Small Changes In Diet Can Make A Big Difference To Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Nov 26, 2015 | The Economist
By Vincent Réquillart
The food chain, from farm to table, is responsible for roughly 30% of greenhouse gases (GHG) in France, ie slightly more than the emissions from the transport sector. More than half of these emissions are related to agricultural production, most of which is methane from animal husbandry and nitrous oxide from soil fertilisation. The rest of the emissions come from processing, distribution and customers' journeys to shops. Considerably reducing these emissions all the way along the chain is an important challenge that will take more than just improving the efficiency of the production chain. Advertisement
Several NGOs are campaigning for a radical change in our eating habits, especially by drastically reducing our consumption of meat; 10 times more GHGs are emitted for a kilo of meat than for a kilo of fruit or vegetables. Reducing the meat in our diets is also important in terms of health. Diets in Western countries contain far too many animal products, particularly meat, too few plant products and too much fat and sugar. This drastic change to our eating habits would seem to reconcile the health and environmental issues linked to our diet.
Sadly, things are not so simple: "nutritionally healthy" diets have a similar or even worse impact on the environment than "nutritionally unhealthy" diets when you measure their greenhouse gas emissions. These "healthy" diets include far more fruits and vegetables, fewer sugary products, a relatively similar amount of meat and, ultimately, a greater quantity of less calorie-dense food. While the ratio of GHG emissions between a kilo of meat and a kilo of fruit and vegetables is 10:1, it is only 2:1 between 100 calories of meat and 100 calories of fruit and vegetables. So following nutritional recommendations doesn't necessarily mean a better environmental impact. The same goes for eating locally. Everything depends on the production conditions. If you live in Brittany, eating a tomato from Morocco emits less GHGs than eating a tomato grown locally in a greenhouse!
However, there are certain diets that balance health and environment. These diets comprise slightly fewer fatty/sugary products, a bit less meat and a few more plant products. They also correspond to a slightly lower calorie intake. Choosing this type of diet would decrease emissions by an average of 20%. That's going in the right direction, but we are still far from the global targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Western countries (a 75% reduction by 2050).
How can we do more for the environment? Neither awareness campaigns nor taxes seem to be able to radically change our dietary habits. In other words, economic research indicates that even a significant increase in the price of meat relative to the price of plant products would not cause a strong swing away from buying meat in favour of buying plant products. This reflects the difficulty in significantly modifying dietary habits. Our diet is part of who we are, so any changes can only be gradual. Anyone who has travelled abroad has surely felt the irresistible craving for their favourite foods from home! For example, the "five-a-day" campaign only increased the consumption of fruit and vegetables by 5%.
The best solution is not to try and provoke a substantial shift from one food group to another, but to go for less radical changes, by favouring the healthiest and least environmentally harmful ingredients within the same food group. For example, in the meat group, replacing red meat with white meat would improve our diets in both nutritional and environmental terms. All it would take is a tax on GHG emissions, as recommended by most economists. Simulations indicate that diets would adapt accordingly, both in terms of the environment and health, provided the tax were high enough (at least €100 per tonne of CO2).
The reduction of GHG emissions linked to our food would therefore result from a series of adjustments rather than a single drastic change to our diet. Carbon pricing policies can help to progressively change our eating habits, but the policies that affect food still need to be consistent with each other. This is far from being the case, given that the Common Agricultural Policy was designed with neither health nor climate issues in mind.
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Saving Water Increases Health Risks In Green Buildings
Nov 26, 2015 | ChemistryWorld
By Polly-Anna Ashford
US researchers have found that strategies for conserving water in green buildings can lead to higher levels of bacteria in the plumbing systems, with potentially serious implications for public health.
William Rhoads and colleagues at Virginia Tech conducted a survey of the drinking water quality in different types of green building, from an office to a net-zero energy home. They measured the chlorine levels, temperature and microbial content, including the prevalence of Legionella bacteria, the cause of Legionnaires’ disease. They found that chlorine disinfectant decays up to 144 times faster in green systems due to high water age.
Rhoads feels that their study is important in the current construction market. ‘We are at the beginning of a green building revolution where new products and approaches to water and energy conservation are coming to the market much faster than we can critically evaluate their impact.’ The US Green Building Council estimated that 40–48% of new non-residential buildings would be classified as green by 2015, and water saving measures are now being widely adopted. These include low-flow water fixtures, which use high pressure techniques to produce a strong flow with less water. As a result, drinking water is sitting in green buildings for longer than in traditional constructions, risking problems with corrosion, unappealing taste and microbial growth.
John French, project director of The Enterprise Centre at the University of East Anglia, the UK’s greenest commercial building, agrees that swift action is needed: ‘This research provides a very valuable set of findings about the impact of water age in green buildings and as such the green and eco-building industry needs to address these findings as a priority.’
UK-based independent consultant in drinking water research and analysis Mark Smith describes the report as ‘thought provoking’, but warns that the techniques may not be universal. ‘The study emphasises chlorine residuals within building water distribution systems. Care must be taken as these residuals are normal for American systems but are much higher than those encountered in the UK and other countries.’
Rhoads tells Chemistry World that many unknowns remain. ‘This study is meant to highlight the scientific understanding that we do have relative to public health, and to point out just some of the data gaps that still exist.’
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